Emergency resque in confined space

Emergency rescue equipment is required when a hazardous atmosphere exit or can reasonably expected to exit.Requirement includes:


 Respirator must be of the type suitable for the exposure.


Employees must be trained in their use & a respirator programme must be instituted.

Attended life line (all times) Must be provided when employees enter the bell bottom pair holes, deep confined space or other similar hazards.

Employees who enter confined spaces must be trained.

Piling Operation

Piling operation may be the  first work  which will be carried out in the construction site.The contractor getting involved  in the piling operation need not have way special arrangemet to keep the interference of other people minimum.The situation which necessitate pile foundation for a structure are: 

The structure is very heavy.

An excavation for foundation is impracticable.

Problem of sub soil water in the foundation trench.

The geological condition found in the site . 


Piles should only be lifted & positioned in the pile gate or on to the leaders or rig with sound lifting  gear adequate for the purpose.


                Quick release shackles should be examined before each use.Work men should stand clear of the operation while driving is in progress. the emergency shut off valve & the crane or winch controls must be manned at all times during driving.Under no circumstances should any man touch the hammer until all valves are closed.

use of scaffolds

Only  authorized perssonnel who are familiar with working at eleveted levels will work on scaffolds Each worker shall take the following precautions when working on a scaffold. 


Ensure that the scaffold has a green tag and that it has been inspected within the previous seven days .When ascending the scaffold look out for loose,missing or broken components and reporting these to the scaffold supervisor before using the scaffolds.



Do not carry tools or equipments when ascending the scaffold use a rope and bucket to raise and lower materials to/ from  the platform.



Stay within the confines of the work platform or if it becomes necessary to work outside or reach beyond these conditions use an approved fall arrest system.Use the proper access and egress ladders or stairs provided.

Inspection and tagging of scaffold

The supervisor incharge of the  scaffold erection will be responsible fpr the inspection and tagging of veach scaffold.This responsibility shall not be delegated.All components will be inspected for proper asembly and signs of damage.Damaged broken or bent components will be replaced prior to use.The sub contractor shall implement the following scaffold dentification tag system.




RED - Scaffold incomplete.
Don't use.
RED tags are placed on the scaffold at the start of erection or when ever a scaffold is deemed to be unsafe.


YELLOW - Caution. 
Yellow tag will be identify the reason caution is required.


GREEN - Safe for use.

Scaffold complies with manufactures requirements. 


Tag will be placed at the access entry point.A control log will be maintained by the scaffold supervisor.

Scaffold Safety

Scaffold is an elevated temperory working  platform .Every year there are many men killed or injured in accidents connected with scaffolding .For the scaffold er it is not sufficient to provide a safe structure for others to work from. He must look after his own safety while working, that of those working with him and that of those nearby either on the site or close to it, who might be accidentally hurt.

Make sure that rungs have no play or movement with any of 5the special folding type or articulating ladders check that the hinges are secure.

Ensure that pulley is not out of round and operates freely.


Ensure that fly ladders operate and slide freely in channels.


Make sure there no excessive play in the halyard.


Ensure that dogs are freely operating and springs are operational and in place.

Ladder maintenance / inspection

The nature of work ladder will be subjected to a great deal of misuse.

As a result extra vigilance must be exercised when inspecting ladders. 

General inspection guide lines for ladder are as given below. 



All rungs and steps are free of oil, grease,dirt etc. spreders or other locking devices are in place. 



Non skid safety feet are in place.




No structural defects all support braces intact.



Check hale yard ropes for any damage.


All fittings are tight.Make sure that rab plates are secure without burrs and not worn out.


Check support plates for tightness.

Check the heat sensor label for presence and condition.


Cheks for splitings or cracks which are cause repaire or replacement.

Ladder storage

Ladders are often thrown carelessly to the ground exposed to weather, rain and some times impact damage .Ladders supported horizontally  clear of the ground on a adequate number of supports.( Ladders over seven meters in length should have at least 3 point to avoid sagging) . Do not hang any ladder by its stiles from spikes fixed to a wall. Storage should be under cover as ladders Especially wooden which deteriorate faster when exposed to the effects of  weather. Particularly extreme of hot and cold ,we and dry .In case of metals ladders prolonged contact with water can cause rot.Wooden ladder should be stored in well ventilated situation away from radiators or hot pipes which can promote  warping.Aluminum alloy ladders should be kept away from wet lime of cement which can corrode.Tie rods ,hooks and fastening  are suspect able to corrosion in salt laden atmospheres.Do not hang anything on ladders that are in a stored condition.

Ladder safety

Anchor secure  the top of the ladder when the 3-4 foot extension is not possible.

Place the ladder base 1/4 the height of the wall from the wall when using  a straight ladder.

Use tool belts or land lines to carry objects.Climb and descend ladders cautiously.

Face ladder and hold on with both hands.

Carry tools on belts or raise and lower with hand line.

Check shoes or rungs  for slippery surfaces.

Do not lean out from the ladder if any direction.


 If you have fear of heights don't claim ladder.

Do not allow others to work under the ladder in use. 

Always hold on with one hand and never reach too for to either side or rear to maintain balance.

Never climb higher than second step from top on a step ladder or third from the top on a straight ladder.


Never attempt to move,shift or extend ladder while in use.

safe use of ladder

Do not allow more than one person up a ladder at a time.

Don't  use a ladder which is too short.

Do not use defective ladder. 

Do not use makeshift or  home made ladder.


Do not overreach .

Do not over load a ladder or support if with a rung bearing on a board. 

Do not slide down  a ladder .

Do not carry sheets of materials especially if it is winds.

Do not use alloy or wet ladder near electrical conductors .

 Do not extent the ladder 3-4 feet above the top support if used to access roof or other elevated surface.

Anchor secure the top of the ladder when the 3-4 foot extension is not possible.

safe procedure to use ladder

Select the right ladder for job.Inspect ladder before you use it.


Do  not create on slopping ground.

Do not erect on movable object.Do not erect in front of a door that may be opened.

Do not erect against a slippery surface.

Do not erect on a shallow angle.

Do not erect horizontally as a plank or bridge.

Do not erect at too steep angle.

Do not use tools or do jobs requiring two hands while standing on a ladder .

Do not drop material from ladder.

Do not straddle from the ladder for a near by foot hold.

Prequations in blasting operations

The building and area where abrasive blastng operations are taking place must have: 


The area close sheeted so that the dust particle escape is is kept to a minimum.All windows protected to prevent egress or ingress of dust particle;.


All doors and other opening sealed with adhesive tape.All sanitary plumbing pipe work ,rain water pipes,electrical points protected.


All open inlets to drains suitably covered or sealed to prevent ingress of girt to the drainage system.Any valuable features fully protected or where possible removed.


The immediate  area fully barricade to prevent other persons including members of the public from gaining access.

Precuations (asbestose)

Storage: all asbestos meterials removed from or used on a job shall be stored in an approved container at all times. 


Transportation : Approved container shall be used during the transportation of asbestos meterials.All such containers that contain asbestos shall be clearly marked " CAUTION :- HEALTH HAZARD CONTAIN ASBESTOS" SIGN SHALL BE POSTED AT ALL APPROCHES TO THE WORK AREA.Respirator  and protective overalls must be worn when entering this area.Asbestos handling carefully and use adequate clothing and respiratory equipment.

Health hazards

Asbestos fibre bundles can split with small fine fibers breaking away .If inhaled the boady is able to resist most of the large particles ,but fine fibers too small to see can ledge deep in the lungs. this can cause the following diseases: 


 Asbestosis : It is a formulation of scar tissue in the walls of the alveoli causing thickening and hence slowing the passage of oxygen in to the blood,this causing breathlessness on exertion 


.Mesothelioma: It is a type of cancer of the lining around the lungs and  of the abdomen. 






Lung cancer: It occures particularly amongest smokers exposed to asbestos. Fibers protecting the lungs are flattened after inhaling cigrette smoke ,so there is less protection againest asbestos fibre.

Asbestos and Health rsk

Asbestos is not a single substances but a group of silicate minerals that are highly fibrous.As it is a part of construction .It is important have the knowledge on asbestos and the risk associated with it when worker are exposed to it.The fibers which are too small to be be visible and heat resistant and strong and flexible enough to be woven.The durability of fibers becomes a problem when they get in to lungs tissue where they can remain for a long time.Most people who have developed asbestos at work.Jobs in which asbestos may be encountered are found in many areas including mining,construction,automotive repair,manufacturing,shipyards ,steelmits etc.However asbestos is naturally occurring minerals and when found in nature.

General prequations (PILING)

Men handling piles or working o piling operations should always wear safety helmets,safety shoes, safety glases, stout gloves and be equiped with ear protection.


At the start of each shift hammers and extractors should be carefully checked for loose bolts etc.


All other equipment should be inspected daily for defects.



Piling operation should be under taken except under competent supervision and with a crew experienced in this class of work.



Piling operation are construction process with special hazards.



In addition to this special hazard men are exposed to the hazards commonly associated with all type of construction work ,and precautions against these general hazards must not be neglected.

Piling operation

Piling operatin may be the first work which will be carried outbin the construction sites.the risk associated with this work is high.It is neccessary to  review the current safety arrangements and working procedures to ensure a safe work process.The situation which necessitate pile function for a structures are : The structure is very heavy.

*An excavation for foundation is impracticable.

*Problem of sub soil water in the foundation trench.

*The geological conditions found on the site.

*Need of  a special desighns ,such as resistence to ship impact for bridge piles.


*Special friction or standard required relating to the construction.

Protection of Road Workers

Protection ofd road workers is special importance. The Road as a working pace should be ranked with other working places.The following principles are important regarding the safety of road workers;

Avoid exposure of workers to traffic..


The risk for collisions with traffic are large when work is done out side the work area.


Make workers visible to road users both by ensuring adequate visibility for drivers & by providing suitable clothing like reflective florescent jackets for workers.


Provide a physical protection to workers from traffic.


Protect workers from accidentally involving work vehicles.



Avoid excessive work hours,fatigue can contribute to increased risk for road work.

protection in road work

Protection is applied by means of the following types of measures:

protective road equipment.provision & maintenance of road side recovery areas /buffers.


Proper design of entering & exiting areas.Where possible using dedicated slip roads and parking spaces.

Provision of the adequate spaces for pedestrian movement .


Appropriate storage of work vehicles.



Materiel ,derbies.etc.

Preventing obstruction of sight lines.

Warning clothing for road workers.


Safe design of work vehicles.

Safe operation of work vehicles.