Heat exposure control-2

The hot proses equipment such as furnaces, oven etc are segregated or isolated from the main work area. The building housing such hot equipment should be built with high roof with efficient exhaust chimney arrangements for removal of hot air from the  furnaces ,oven.

To control the radiation heat from the furnaces ,oven etc. methods like insulation,water cooling ,shielding of radiation are adopted.A shield is a sheet of materiel having property of high reflection and is placed beet ween the hot surface and the working surrounding. Aluminum sheet has good heat reflecting properties.

In some work area such as glass industries,work men are required to work in very hot atmosphere .In such situations work men are to be provided with heat protective clothing and protective shield for controlling exposure of heat .Eg: Aprons, Jackets< Leggings,Helmets,Glows etc.

Heat exposure control

It is necessary to take additional measures for giving relief from heat to the workers.We can adopt three methods for heat prevention.


1,Control at source.

2,Insulation.


3,Personnel protection.

Local Exhaust Ventilation

This system of ventilation is provided at or near the point of  generation of contaminants  in the work area .Where as the mechanical ventilation only partly removes the contaminants  from the working atmosphere ,while the local exhaust  system achieves complete exhaust of contaminants from the work area .This system is cheap when compared to mechanical ventilation.Since the filtering units required occupies only a small area of point of generation of contaminants

Natural & mechanical Ventilation

Natural ventilation. 

This can be  achieved by providing suitable opening in the building of contaminated air ,to go out and at the same time permitting entry of fresh air in to the building from out side.This system is not completely reliable . Since it depends on the current of flow of natural wind. 

Mechanical ventilation. 

Mechanical ventilation with  the provisions of mechanical exhaust fans is used in addition to natural ventilation for effective of work room.Mechanical ventilation is achieved  by providing exhaust fans at suitable intervals in one side wall and  sufficient inlet openings are made in the opposite wall.

Advantage of ventilation

a, Ventilation help to reduce the concentration levels of explosive and these avoid the chance of fire or explosion.

b,As ventilation helps to reduce the harmful contaminants from the atmosphere of work room,the health of the workers is protected from occupational diseases.
c,Ventilation provides comfort to the workmen and hence the efficiency of workmen improves.



The ventilation we can classified in to two category:They are : 
1,General ventilation (either natural or mechanical).
2,Local ventilation.

Ventilation

Ventilation is a technique practised to improve quality of air in the work area . Any ventilation should remove and dilute warm humid air and provide air movement to create a sense of freshness without causing draught.Humidity and ventilation should be maintained at levels,which prevent discomfort or problems of sore eyes,especially if display screen equipment is used.Window and doors may provide sufficient ventilation. However mechanical ventilation is required ,it should be regularly maintained.Ventilation removes the contaminant from the atmosphere of work room .And ventilation also supplies additionally required air in the work room.

Methods of achiving good Illumination

1,Fluorescent lamps and tubes give more light than incandescent lamps for the same electrical energy consumed.Hence fluorescent lamps used more effectively for general illumination inside the factories.

2,To avoid glare,the light source fitting should be as high as possible.The light fitting should be positioned in such a way that they are not visible to the working person.The fittings should be designed according to the type of work involved in the work room.

3,The walls of the work room and the ceiling can be painted with light colours,so that the same doesn't cause eye strain to the workmen .The ceiling and the wall surface should not be very smooth or polished to avoid glare and reflection of light.

4,A balanced combination of both natural & artificial lighting can be made available in the work room.


5,To maintain good lighting ,the windows.sky lights,lamps and all light fittings and light shades should be kept clean and maintained at periodically.

Illumination levels

The level of illumination prescribed in various Factory areas are: 

Canteen- 150 lux.
Entries-100 lux.
Corridors-100 lux.
Cloak room- 100 lux.
Stair es- 100 lux.


Assembly Shop.

Rough work -150 lux.
Medium work - 300 lux. 

Fine work - 700 lux. 
Very fine work - 1500 lux.
(as per is 3646).
The illumination level required in a work place of factory depends on a number of factors :

1, The age of the worker  and his visual ability .It should be remembered that the workers below 40 of age need only 1/2 to 1/3 of average level of illumination .Where as worker above 40 years of age require 2 to 5 times average illumination levels.

2, Size of the object & the type of work are also other factors,which determine the level of illumination.

3, Contrast beet ween  the object & the back ground is another factor,which should be taken in to account in designing the light arrangements.

4,Glare arises when some part of the field of vision is bright in relation to the general level.The design of lighting arrangement should aim at minimum glare in the work room 

Illumination & arrangement

adequate illumination should be provide in every work place  to provide a safe working environment.There should be no glare or reflection from the light .I every part of a factory , where workers are working or passing  there shall be sufficient and suitable lighting ( natural or artificial or both shall be provided and maintained).In every factory all glazed windows and sky lights used for lighting of  the inner and outer surface shall be kept clean and they must be kept free of any obstructions.In every factory effective provisions shall be made for the prevention of:

*Glare either directly from a source of light or by reflection from a smooth or polished surface.

*The formation of shadows to such an extent as to cause any strain or the risk of accident to any worker

Illuumination (safety)

Accident take place due to unsafe acts unsafe conditions.Most of the accident causation theory state that the removal of unsafe acts & unsafe conditions from the factory will lead to the reduction of accidents and incidents.One of the unsafe condition in a factory is the inadequate lighting's  and lighting with shades or glare ,causes fatigue and eye strain in workmen and hence their accuracy ,safety and efficiency in work affected.

Distribution of the plan

Each individual who revises a copy should be required  to sign it and to be responsible for posting subsequent changes. Distribute the final plan to:



Chief executive  and senior managers .Key members of the company's emergency response organizer,Company head quarters.Community emergency response agencies..The key personal should keep a copy of the plan in their homes .Inform employees about the plan .Communicate with other offices and divisions in your company learn .Their emergency notification requirements.The conditions where mutual acistence would be necessary.How offices will support each other in an emergency .Names,telephone numbers and pager numbers of key personal .Incorporate this information into your procedures and training schedule.

Resourse list & Establish a Training

The list includes major resources  such as equipment ,supplies, services that could be needed in an emergency.Mutual aid agreement with other companies and government agencies.



Once plan is finalised and got provisionally approved ,The organisation should have one person or department responsible for developing a training schedule for facility.It must includes First-Aid training & emergency rescue operations.

Some doccuments and list associated with emergency

Documents could be needed in an emergency  plan include emergency call lists, site map and resource list.


Emergency call list & site map.


The list of all persons on and off site who would be involved in responding to an emergency,their responsibilities and their 24 hours telephone numbers.Building & site map should that indicate:



Utility shutoffs,water hydrants, water main valves,water lines,gas main valves,gas lines,electrical cutoff's  ,electrical sub stations,storm drainers.sewer lines,location of each building ,floor plans,Alarms & enunciators.Fire extinguishers, fire suppression system.Exits,stairways,designated escape routs.Restricted areas,Hazardous materials.High value items.

Some spesific procedures might be needed for emergencies

They are:


Warning employees and customers.
Communicating with personal and community responders.
Conducting an evacuation & accounting for all persons in the facility.
Managing response activities.
Activating and operating an emergency operation center.
Fighting fires.Shutting down operations .
Protecting vital records.
Restoring operations.

In an emergency plan include emergency call list, site map and resource list.

Some fecilities are required to Develop Emergency plan

Emergency escape procedures and routs.


Procedures for employees who perform or shut down critical options before an evacuation.


Procedures to account for all employees,visitors and contractors after an evacuation is completed. 


Rescue &medical duties for assigned employees.


Procedures for reporting emergency.


Names of person or departments to be contacted for information regarding this plan.

Emergency management elements

An emergency plan should briefly describe facilities approach to the core elements of emergency management,which are;


*Direction & control Communications
* Life safety Property protection Community outreach 
*Recovery & restoration.
*Administration & logistics.




These elements are the foundation for the emergency procedures that your  work place will follow to protect personal as well as equipment and resume operations . In case of an emergency situation occur our place we must pre- inform and coordinate about our emergency procedure with out side organisation that will help to recover easily.